Are there Rabbis that 'outrank' certain other Rabbis in terms of spiritual or theological status?

Not really. There are rabbis that have show exceptional wisdom who are unusually respected, but it's not something that's inherent, or part of a set hierarchy. We don't have anything in Judaism that is hierarchical in the same sense as the Roman Catholic church with priests, bishops, archbishops, and cardinals, and there's definitely no equivalent to the Pope in Judaism.